2012年7月6日金曜日

William Faulkner ウィリアム・フォークナー



本日は William Faulkner の没後50年に当たります。

William Faulkner --- se cumplirán pronto cincuenta años de ello. El «New York Times», que no había sido excesivamente generoso en las críticas de sus novelas, despidió a William Faulkner con un desabrido obituario: «Mostró en sus escritos una obsesión con el asesinato, la violación, el incesto, el suicidio, la avaricia y la depravación general que no existe en ninguna parte, sino en la mente del autor».

William Cuthbert Faulkner, uno de los más famosos narradores del siglo XX, nació el 25 de septiembre de 1897 en New Albany, Mississippi. Su padre era Murray Charles Faulkner y su madre Maud (Butler) Faulkner. Vivió la mayor parte de su vida en el condado de Oxford, donde asistió a la High School, que abandonó antes de graduarse. Murió el 6 de julio de 1962 de una oclusión coronaria, después de haber sufrido una caída cuando galopaba a caballo, de la que jamás se recuperó.

Por el medio, Faulkner escribió algunas de las grandes novelas del siglo XX con el Viejo Sur como lugar de inspiración y un espacio que él mismo había imaginado: Yoknapatawpha. Allí permaneció casi toda su vida, salvo el tiempo que estuvo en la Royal Flying Corps y en Hollywood escribiendo guiones para películas que jamás le colmaron y, al contrario, le llevaron a creer que lo único que hacía en California era perder el tiempo que podía dedicar a la literatura. De aquello sacó en limpio su relación extramarital con Meta Carpenter, la secretaria y «script» de Howard Hawks.

Una de sus compañías más fieles fue el alcohol, con el que mantuvo una curiosa relación que él mismo consideraba literaria. Hasta el punto de intentar convencer a quienes le rodeaban que sin su botella de Old Crow no hubieran existido El ruido y la furia, Luz de agosto o Santuario, ni siquiera otras ensoñaciones más turbias y como ¡Absalón, Absalón o Mientras agonizo. «La civilización comienza con la destilación», dijo una vez. Su afición por la bebida rivalizaba con las de sus otros dos compañeros de tríada literaria, Ernest Hemingway y F. Scott Fitzgerald. Incluso con la de James Joyce. A diferencia de ellos, sin embargo, a Faulkner le gustaba beber mientras escribía. En 1937, su traductor francés, Maurice Edgar Coindreau, estaba tratando de descifrar una de esas frases barrocas que otra autora sureña, Flannery O'Connor, decía evitar para que su pequeño bote no se empantanase. Se la mostró al escritor, que inmediatamente rompió a reír: «No tengo absolutamente idea de lo que quería expresar», respondió Faulkner. «Verá, escribo por la noche y el whisky mantiene en mi cabeza tantas ideas que luego soy incapaz de recordarlas a la mañana siguiente».

Entre los biógrafos existe diferente grado de compresión sobre el alcoholismo de Faulkner. Joseph Blotner pasa de puntillas por el asunto, no intenta entender la adicción, se limita a dejar constancia de los estragos que produjo en él. Para Frederick R. Karl, la bebida es esencial tanto para mantener a salvo su rebeldía como en su obra. «Si quitáramos el alcohol, es muy probable que no existiera el escritor y probablemente tampoco habría una persona definida». Jay Parini sostiene que había un propósito terapéutico en el alcoholismo. Bebía, según él, para limpiar las telarañas y poner el reloj a cero.

El vino y el brandy no eran los espirituosos favoritos de Faulkner. Le gustaba el whisky. Su bebida preferida era el julepe de menta. Este combinado consistía, según su versión, en una mezcla de whisky bourbon con una cucharada de azúcar, una rama o dos de menta triturada y hielo. Le gustaba beberlo en una taza de metal helado. La palabra «julepe» apareció por primera vez en el siglo XIV para describir una bebida de jarabe utilizado en farmacia. Faulkner era el primero en creer en la eficacia medicinal del alcohol.

Sirviese el whisky para confundirlo o no en sus párrafos más oscuros, Faulkner es el único escritor con vocación de pelmazo que a veces recompensa el titánico esfuerzo que supone penetrar en su mundo. Cuando se le preguntó en aquella entrevista del «Paris Review» qué debían hacer aquellos que no entendían lo que escribía incluso después de leerlo dos y tres veces, se limitó a responder: «Que lo lean cuatro». Y siguió embotellando sus ideas en Old Crow.



Five decades after his death, William Faulkner still draws literary pilgrims to his Mississippi hometown, the "little postage stamp of native soil" he made famous through his novels.

Oxford inspired the fictional town of Jefferson that was a frequent setting for his stories, and it's commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Nobel laureate's death Friday with several events that include a tag-team reading of his novel, "The Reivers," beginning about daybreak.

Roughly 25,000 people a year visit Faulkner's antebellum home, Rowan Oak, which is now owned by the University of Mississippi. The author's meticulous handwriting appears on the walls of his downstairs office. Using pencil, he outlined events of his 1954 novel, "A Fable."

William Griffith, the Rowan Oak curator since 1999, said writing was a "demon-driven" task for Faulkner.

"You're going to hear about the agony and the sweat and the difficulty and the compulsion," Griffith said. "You're not going to hear anything about how great it was, how relaxing and beautiful it was. None of that. He just did what he had to do to get it done."

Oxford's lure is similar to that of Key West, Fla., for fans of Ernest Hemingway and Salinas, Calif., for devotees of John Steinbeck.

"I've just always wanted to see this," Lisa McDanels of Rocky River, Ohio, said as she and her husband toured Faulkner's home. "You think, 'Oh, he walked here.'"

The two-story Greek Revival home was built in 1848, and Faulkner bought it in 1930. It sits a mile from the town square, but feels isolated because it's encircled by woods — oaks, magnolias, cedars, dogwoods and honeysuckle. Griffith said the home retains its character, with one important addition — climate control.

Faulkner added central heating in the 1930s but scorned air conditioning, despite summer temperatures that reach the 90s and stifling humidity. In "The Reivers," a character groused, "there are no seasons at all any more, with interiors artificially contrived at sixty degrees in summer and ninety degrees in winter, so that mossbacked recidivists like me must go outside in summer to escape cold and in winter to escape heat."

The day after Faulkner died, his wife, Estelle, had a window-unit air conditioner installed in her upstairs bedroom.

Ole Miss bought Rowan Oak in 1972 from the Faulkners' daughter, Jill. The house was renovated from 2001 to 2003, and central air conditioning was added.

Faulkner was known for sitting on the square to observe Oxford's small-town comings and goings. In 1997, to mark the 100th anniversary of his birth in nearby New Albany, Oxford dedicated a Faulkner statue in front of its own City Hall. Now, tourists snap photos by the life-sized bronze.

Faulkner and his wife are buried in St. Peter's Cemetery, north of the square, and fans pay tribute by pouring bourbon on the gravesite.

Donald Kartiganer, professor emeritus of English who held the Faulkner studies chair at Ole Miss, recalled taking Salman Rushdie on a private tour of Rowan Oak in 2006. When Rushdie saw Faulkner's writing table and typewriter, his voice fell into hushed reverence and he asked if he could sit there. Kartiganer said yes.

"He sits down and he puts his hands, not touching the keys, just sort of hovering over them, the way you would if you were in the vicinity of a holy relic," Kartiganer recalled. "Then he reaches into his pocket and pulls out the smallest digital camera I've ever seen and says, 'Would you take my picture?'"

Mississippi Arts Commission director Malcolm White compares Faulkner's posthumous fame to that of another north Mississippi native.

"He's like Elvis," White said. "He's never been bigger than he is today."

English professor Jay Watson, Kartiganer's successor as Faulkner specialist, politely disagrees with White's assessment. Even during Faulkner's lifetime, he was recognized as one of the most important literary figures of the 20th Century. But, Watson concedes Faulkner is more appreciated in Oxford these days.

"Oxford didn't start coming around to him until after he won the Nobel Prize" in 1949, Watson said. "Before then, most people in Oxford just thought he was somebody who was making Oxford look bad. But after he won the Nobel, all the sudden, he was kind of making Oxford look good, because he was this small-town native son who won the most distinguished award in literature."

Locals saw Faulkner as an oddball who'd be so wrapped up in his own thoughts that he'd often walk past people he knew without exchanging pleasantries. Faulkner went to Canada and trained as a Royal Air Force aviator, but never saw combat because World War I ended before he completed training. Nonetheless, Watson said, Faulkner would walk around Oxford in a flight officer's uniform, complete with a cane and sometimes with a limp, and tell people he'd been wounded in a plane crash, which wasn't true. Because he acted like a dandy, locals nicknamed him "Count No-Count."

The local newspaper, The Oxford Eagle, is publishing essays this year from people who remember Faulkner. In one, J.W. "Jay" Mitchell, who grew up in Oxford, recalled being on the square with friends and making fun of the writer.

"I remember one day, 1952 or '53, me and a few friends decided to walk by Mr. Faulkner, one at a time, and holler, 'Good morning, Mr. Faulkner,' or 'How are you?,' knowing that he would not answer," Mitchell wrote. "After we passed him, we would circle around and get in front and repeat our taunting again. He acted as if we were not even there.

"There he was — head held high, with a swagger stick under his arm, wearing his English riding pants, knee-high leather boots and tweed jacket.

"Move forward over 50 years and ask me if I feel proud of this," Mitchell wrote. "People, some of us didn't know what we had in our midst. (I will take this opportunity to apologize.)"

Griffith said he came into the curator's job with a respect for Faulkner's prose but not as a "super fan." When he was growing up in Illinois, an English teacher assigned him to read "As I Lay Dying," and he protested with an essay called, "As I Die Reading."

"I remember arguing, telling her that I'd never thought about Mississippi and I'm quite sure I'll never go to Mississippi," said Griffith, who has since re-read the book several times.

Griffith said when the teacher heard he'd been hired at Rowan Oak, she told one of his relatives: "'I hope he knows karma is a real thing.'"

Gótico sureño
  
William Faulkner estaba convencido de que tan creativo debiera ser el trabajo del lector como del escritor. El viernes se cumplen 50 años de su muerte (El País)
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